South Xinjiang, located in the Eurasian hinterland, has a typical temperate continental arid climate, which is affected by complex topography, weather system paths, and special atmospheric circulation and water vapor conditions, resulting in sudden and significant regional characteristics of heavy rainfall.At present, global numerical prediction models and mesoscale numerical models have a very limited ability to forecast heavy rainfall in South Xinjiang.In recent years, many research teams have conducted large-scale outfield observation experiments in the Tarim Basin and gained more insight into the convective triggering mechanism, the configuration and evolution characteristics of high and low altitude systems, and the physical processes of rainfall clouds that cause heavy rainfall in South Xinjiang.They have also shed more light on the mechanisms and causes of heavy rainfall.This paper summarizes and reviews the climatic characteristics, large-scale circulation background, mesoscale system development, water vapor transport, and precipitation dynamics mechanisms of heavy rainfall in southern Xinjiang, and proposes scientific questions that need further study, with a goal of providing references for further research on heavy rainfall in southern Xinjiang and improving the accuracy of heavy rainfall forecasting, as well as disaster prevention and mitigation.