Abstract:The thermal and dynamic factors are equally important in influencing sea ice,however,the thermal part in most existing thermodynamic-dynamic sea ice models was only simply considered.The Winton's enthalpy conservation three-layer thermodynamic model has been used in this paper to replace the zero-layer one in the Hibler thermodynamic-dynamic sea ice model,and the 1983 Arctic sea ice has been simulated using the Hibler and the improved Hibler model.Simulations suggest that the simulated sea ice thickness is larger,the seasonal variation of the sea ice thickness is smaller,and the simulated sea ice compactness is in better accordance with the observed in the improved Hibler model.

Abstract:The two main periodic oscillations of ENSO are identified using the method of SSA(singular spectrum analysis).Then by use of NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data and wind stress data,the linear and nonlinear responses of spatial fields to the two main components of Nino3.4 index are investigated in terms of the method of spatially symmetric and asymmetric components.Results show that the linear response of spatial fields determines their phase relations with ENSO,and the nonlinear response the spatially asymmetries of the fields.Their joint effects of linear response A⁽¹⁾ and nonlinear response A⁽²⁾ fall into 4 collocation cases.The spatial oscillation in areas where A⁽¹⁾>0,A⁽²⁾>0(case 1)and A⁽¹⁾>0,A⁽²⁾<0(case 2)is in phase with ENSO,while the oscillation in areas A⁽¹⁾<0,A⁽²⁾>0(case 4)and A⁽¹⁾<0,A⁽²⁾<0(casse 3)is out of phase with ENSO.In the warm episode of ENSO,the oscillation of composite field is enhanced in areas where A⁽¹⁾>0,A⁽²⁾>0(case 1)and A⁽¹⁾<0,A⁽²⁾<0(case 3),and weakened in areas where A⁽¹⁾>0,A⁽²⁾<0(case 2)and A⁽¹⁾<0,A⁽²⁾>0(case 4).The maximum spatial asymmetry area is always close to the maximum linear response area.The maximum asymmetry for SLP lies in the Southern Pacific where A⁽¹⁾>0,A⁽²⁾>0(case 1)and A⁽¹⁾<0,A⁽²⁾>0(case 4);for SSTA in the equatorial East Pacific where A⁽¹⁾>0,A⁽²⁾>0(case 1);forτ_x in the equatorial west-central Pacific where A⁽¹⁾>0,A⁽²⁾>0(case 1);forτ_y in the equatorial north and south sides of the central Pacific where A⁽¹⁾<0,A⁽²⁾<0(case 3)and A⁽¹⁾>0,A⁽²⁾>0(case 1).Those distributive characters enable the oscillation in major anomalous areas to be stronger when ENSO is in a warm episode,thus favorable for the formation of ENSO warm event.This accords with the phenomenon that the ENSO warm events in the recent 38 years are generally stronger than normal.

Abstract:The 1951-2000 NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data are used in this paper to investigate the effect of the deviation of the longitude position of summer South Asia high(SAH)on summer precipitation over east China,and main results are as follows.The longitudinal position of SAH in summer is correlated with tropical sea surface temperature(SST).When SSTs over the equatorial eastern Pacific in previous winter and over the tropical Indian Ocean in previous winter,and spring to summer are higher(lower)than normal,SAH would extend eastwards(withdraw westwards).The anomalous longitude position of SAH in summer associates with different circulation patterns over Northern Hemisphere as well as over East Asia.In the east(west)deviation years of SAH at 100hPa,the subtropical high over the western Pacific at 500hPa would extend westwards(withdraw eastwards).In the east deviation years of SAH,850hPa anomalous winds converge over the Yangtze River valley and the ascending motion is strong,leading to more precipitation than normal;while in the west deviation years,the anomalous north wind prevails over the valley,and the ascending motion is weak,resulting in less precipitation than normal.

Abstract:A simple technique of retrieving three-dimensional wind fields is investigated from the dual-Doppler weather radar radial wind based on certain assumptions.The result provides all of the three wind components,and satisfies both the radial velocity equation system and the continuity equation.The strong convective storm that occurred on 29 June 1996 in the northeast of Beijing is chosen as the retrieving case and the errors are analyzed.Retrieved wind fields from the simulated radar data show that the general trends of the retrieved wind stream field are coincided very well with the simulated ones.The central positions are generally at the same altitude and the updraft as well as downdraft structures are almost the same.Analyses of average deviation,average squared error and relative deviation of the horizontal velocity,show that the errors are all very small,therefore,the retrieved wind field can reflect the real three-dimensional one by and large.At the same time,the average deviation of vertical velocity shows that it is very small on various heights,indicating that the retrieved results are satisfactory while the results of 27 min are even better than 36 min.The discrepancy might result from that the storm is at its robust phase with the strongest convective activity at 36 min,while at 27 min the cloud is at development stage with relative weaker convective activity.Since the retrieving results,especially the vertical velocity results are good enough to reflect real situations of three dimensional wind field and the results are much better at 5.5km height while the centers of mesoscale convective systems are at about 4-6km altitude,so the retrieving algorithm can be developed and utilized in future research works.

Abstract:This paper retrieves and studies the three-dimensional kinematic structure and dynamic mechanism of the heavy rain on 22nd-23rd July 2002 in Hubei Province,using the volume scan data of the dual-Doppler radar located in Yichang and Jingzhou cities in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River.It is shown that the shear line and the meso-cyclone at the low and middle levels are the dynamic factors which triggered and maintained the heavy rain;and the dynamic configuration of the divergence of air flow at the upper level over the convergence of air flow at the low level also availed the formation and development of the heavy rain system.

Abstract:According to features that the offshore sea has a smaller thermal capacity and shallow depth,a one-dimension model based on the balance of energy was used in the simulation of the mean annual SST of the East China Sea.The simulated results are consistent with the observation,and the feature of SST's variation as a function of latitude(longitude)is well reproduced.At the same time,the ability of simulating the SST's interannual variability of the model was examed.At last,the advantages and disadvantages of the simple model used on the shelf sea is analyzed.

Abstract:In 12-15 July 2002,the eastern of Liaoning Province was hit by cold vortex precipitation and hails.In order to analyze the cloud microphysical processes,we used a three-dimensional convective cloud model developed by IAP to simulate this event.According to simulations,the cloud system which produced the precipitation was the convective-stratiform mixed clouds.The mechanisms of ice particles melting played a main role in cloud and precipitation formation,especially graupels melting accounted for about 50% of total rainwater production.Through a series of the modeling calculations of AgI-seeding,we found that the optimal time of AgI-seeding cloud was at the cloud mature stage and the seeding height should be above the 0℃layer.Simulations also show that the convective-stratiform mixed clouds have a considerably seeding potential to enhance precipitation.

Abstract:Based on 1983-1987 conventional environment monitoring data from the city of Yinchuan of Ningxia,a systematic analysis is performed of the mass concentration characteristics of atmospheric Inhalable Particulate Matter(IPM),and analysis results indicate that the proportions of PM_2.5 particles in the total IPM in winter heating months are considerably higher than those in spring sandstorm period and non-heating months.The IPM mass concentration spectral distribution exhibits a peak at particle diameter 0.58 μm in four seasons of a year.PM_2.5particles make >50 % contribution to wintertime IPM,indicating that coal burning is the major emission source for fine particles that are responsible for the most severe contamination of the season.IPM size distribution displays multiple-peaks in different seasons for different functional blocks,which result from the interactions among differing-mode particles.In windy and sandy spring and non-heating summer and autumn the mass median diameter of IPM are greater than those in winter.The σ_g is however the smallest in heating winter,revealing that the divergent degree of IPM particle diameters in winter is minimum.

Abstract:The cloud shortwave radiative forcing is computed by using the ground global radiation from the Monderate Resolution Atmospheric Radiance and Transmittance Model(MODTRAN3)and routine data,and the cloud radiative parameters is retrieved from satellite data.Based on analyzing the relationship between cloud shortwave radiative forcing and cloud radiative parameters,a regression equation between them is established,and the equation can be used to estimate the cloud shortwave radiation forcing,thus remedying the shortage of radiation data.

Abstract:The surface raindrop spectra of stratiformis precipitation on April 4-5,2002 were measured in Mengjin and Linying stations in Henan Province.Through the comparison and analysis of the raindrop microphysical parameters and raindrop size distributions of the two stations during this precipitation process,we find that under the circumstance of stratiformis precipitation in Henan Province,the average diameter of raindrops is 10^-1mm,the total number density of raindrops 100 drops/m³,and the big size raindrops which account for a small proportion of total raindrops make more contribution to precipitation intensity.The average diameter of raindrops in the warm sector ahead of a cold front is smaller than that in the cold sector behind the cold front;while the total number density of raindrops in the warm sector is greater than that in the cold sector,but the precipitation intesity in the cold sector is higher than that in the warm one.During the process of stratiformis precipitation,the raindrop spectra in the warm sector evolves from a wide spectra double-peak pattern to a narrow spectra single-peak one,while the raindrop spectra in the cold sector changes from a wide spectra single-peak pattern to a narrow spectra single-peak one.The fluctuations of the average diameter of raindrops in the warm sector are larger than those in the cold sector,which is related to the inhomogeneity of the cloud system structure and convection in the cloud.

Abstract:Based on the analysis of more than 30-year radiation data from radiation observation stations,the distribution of correlation between solar radiation and sunshine are analyzed.Then this paper mainly discusses the geographical distribution and seasonal variations of a,b coefficients in the climatic formula of solar total radiation.It is necessary to consider the seasonal variation of the a,b coefficients when calculating the solar radiation.The possible error of the climatic calculation of solar radiation is analyzed and discussed.The error range of calculating solar radiation using sunshine data is acceptable.

Abstract:Atmospheric temperature is retrieved from AMSU(Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit)soundings by using a physical-statistical scheme and a regression model.Weighting functions of AMSU channels 3-14 are calculated by the Liebe model,the normalized weighting functions are then employed as the constraints for the statistical regression model,and the optimal solution is obtained by appropriately adjusting the constraints.Results show that when AMSU samples at the sub-satellite point are adopted,the constrained regression algorithm yields higher retrieval accuracy with the root-mean-square error of(0.4K)(1.0K)below(at and above)100 hPa.By the same algorithm a limb adjustment is made off the sub-satellite point in the fields of view.For atmospheric sounding channels 4-14(frequencies of 52.8-57.29GHz)the maximum deviation is thereby decreased to ±0.9K from -15-5K.Retrieved temperatures are utilized to investigate the warm-core structures of 15 tropical cyclones making landfall in China mainland during 2002 and 2003,and it is found from analysis results that retrievals have ability to reveal clearly the structure of warm core and the correlation of temperature anomalies with the surface central wind speeds and sea-level central pressure of cyclones.As a reference,therefore,the correlation is of utility to forecasting.

Abstract:Based on Parkinson and Washington(1979)thermodynamic sea ice model,China Bohai Sea geography and climatology,introducing a slab ocean assumption and the bisection method for calculating the ice surface temperature,using the monthly data including total cloud cover,relative humidity,sea level pressure and wind speed,together with monthly averaged surface air temperature at 4 surrounding coastal weather stations as the forcing field,the Bohai Sea ice climatic variation are simulated.Simulated results and observed annual sea ice grades have a similar variation trend,thus proving that air temperature is a decisive factor for the inter-annual variation of Bohai Sea ice.

Abstract:This study investigates impacts of the different Pb concentrations in soil on the growth and Pb uptake of two-line system hybrid rice cultivar "Liangyoupeijiu",the results show that with the increase in Pb concentrations in soil,the plant height,leaf area,dry matter,total grains per stem and fecundity decline,yields per mu also fall; The Pb concentrations in plant increase when the Pb in soil increases,and the increment amplitude becomes smaller when the Pb concentration in soil is high.The distribution of Pb concentration in organs is that rootsstemsrice.

Abstract:A method of quantitative precipitation forecasts for short-range ensemble forecast is presented aiming at inability of ensemble average method to extreme weather event.This method firstly determines ensemble similitude by stepwise aggregation to define the influencing radius of members forecast fields,then determines the weight coefficient of every member according to the similitude degree of one member to other members.It takes into account both the ensemble otherness of members and probability distributing of precipitation.Examination proves that this method improved the forecasting of extreme weather events.This method needn't history data and can accommodate to the change of members so it is prone to operate.

Abstract:Based on Singular Spectrum Analysis(SSA)method the standardized sample series have been reconstructed using the quasi-period signal weight.A BP neural network multi-step prediction model with the Mean Generating Function(MGF)prolongation matrix of the reconstruction series as the input factor,and the original sample series as the output factor has been formulated.Results show that the model is superior in predictions over the other three models,indicating that denoising by SSA and constructing BP neural network prediction model are relatively effective for improving forecast accuracy.Therefore,the model is an useful one for the actual operational forecasting.

Abstract:There are many incongruities in the process of architectural and interior design.This thesis focus on category and the relation between architectural and interior design.Through studying on the relation,the paper gives the methods which ensure unity between architectural and interior design.

Abstract:At present eddy-covariance technique(ECT)is considered one of the most reliable methods in measuring CO₂,heat and moisture fluxes.In terms of the method foreign countries have solved the calculation problems of CO₂ or heat and moisture fluxes of forest and farmland ecosystems under the assumption of homogeneous underlying surface,at moment are making efforts to calculate the fluxes of non-ideal underlying surface(real terrain).Application of the ECT in our country is later.Some knowledge on measuring heat and moisture fluxes by using the ECT has been accumulated,but measuring CO₂ is still in the stage of collecting data.Under the demand of our country's natural ecosystem,environmental diplomacy and the sustainable development of social economy,the future emphases should be placed on accurately measuring the temporal and spatial variations of CO₂ and revealing its dynamic mechanism.The problems and possible solutions to the eddy-covariance are presented and the deserved research field is also put forward in this paper.