Abstract:A numerical model for the linear steady-state baroclinic primitive equation of forced stationary waves in the atmosphere is developed. The vertical, as well as horizontal, structure is described by a truncated series of analytical orthogonal functions, i. e., the vertical structure is represented in terms of normalized Legendre polynomials and the horizontal structure of each vertical mode in terms of spherical harmonics. Newtonian cooling. Rayleigh friction and biharmonic horizontal diffusion are included in the model. Computations for the linear response of the model atmosphere to the Northern Hemisphere topography and diabatic heating in January 1979 are also presented.

Abstract:The existence of the periodic solution to the nonlinear ordinary differential equation (ODE) deduced from the nonlinear barotropic vorticity equation can be directly proved without expanding it by Taylor’s series at the point of equilibrium. Conditions for the existence of the periodic solution thus proved by using Liapunov’s second method greatly correspond to those for the barotropic stability. The rationality of the travelling wave solution and the expansion by Taylor’s series has been confirmed. Comparison is made between the numerical solution to the nonlinear ODE and the linear numerical solutio.

Abstract:In this paper, a method of calculating lateral turbulent diffusivity K_Y and Lagrangian time scale T_LY by using the parameters in the atmospheric boundary is suggested. Our main hypothesis is that Ky and T_LY are dependent upon the characteristics of the lateral turbulent spectrum σ_v and λ_mv. It is shown by model computation that the simulation results using T_LY presented here are in good agreement with the observational data.

Abstract:Factors for maintaining the balance in the upperlevel momentum over East Asia have been calculated using observational data for January and July. The lowest order approximation is found between the dynamic generation term and the horizontal transport divergence. The dynamic generation (dissipation) with net output (input) corresponds to the entrance (exit) of the jet stream in the middle-upper troposphere. During January a couple of areas for dynamic generation with output and dissipation with input of zonal momentum are observed over China’s mainland and the central North Pacific and daring July over Northwest China. The vertical transport and the effect of subgrid-scale processes must be taken into account in the first order approximation balance and, in addition, the effect of transient motions must be included in the maintenance of monthly mean circulation.

Abstract:Analysis and statistics of the data from conventional observations and weather satellite images for 1979—1983 summer months indicate that the cold air in the upper and middle troposphere over the Northwest Pacific tends to flow into the low-latitude region, favoring the formation and development of typhoons. It is likely that the monsoon trough andthe exchange of air flows between the northern and southern hemispheres result from one or several tropical cyclones.

Abstract:Based on the enahnced IR satellite imageries of the 30 springtime major rain events over Oklahoma, U. S., a survey of the mesoscale convective complexes (MCCs) was presented. The differences between the MCCs and the non-MCCs, the proportion of the MCCs in the mesoscale convective systems (MCSs), and the weather patterns, life cycle, inner structure and synoptic situations of the MCCS were all discussed.

Abstract:The development of squall line is studied by using a 2-dimensional model and selecting several magnitudes of horizontal temperature gradient in the planetary boundary layer (PBL), relative humidity and the nonuniform distribution of ground temperature. It is shown that water vapor latent heat is the major, source of energy for the development of convective motion, horizontal temperature gradient in the PBL serves as an important trigger and only under favorable conditions can ground heating exert an appreciable effect on squall line.

Abstract:The atmospheric diffusion parameters in the Dachang area of Nanjing are calculated using tatroon data under breeze conditions and compared with those in the city of Lanzhou. Calculation is also performed of khe SO₂ instantaneous concentration distr ibution in the area under breeze and calm conditions with two sets of formulas of point source and area source respectively. It is found that some places in the area are subject to pollution. This provides useful criteria for construction planning and environmental protection in the area.

Abstract:Measurements of microwave emission from atmospheirc oxygen by a 4-channel 5mm radiometer are simulated with selected data from Nanjing radiosonde observations during 1984. Atmospheric temperature profiles are derived from radiative brightness temperature measurement simulations by physical iteration, using the bi-monthly climatic averages as first guess. According to the error statistics over 120 profile retrievals, the maximum RMS differences between the retrievals and radiosondes are less than 3 K below 300 hPa and less than 2 K below 700 hPa. The temperatureinversion near the ground surface can be detected.

Abstract:This paper studies the influence of seeding work on the raindrop spectrum at the antiaircraft gun site, based on the raindrop size distributton in seeding experiments. It is found thai in the stimulating operation the concentration of large- and medium-scale raindrops (D>0.6mm) increases, thus causing the change of the spectral characteristic property and the increase of rain intensity.

Abstract:Factors of the environmental cloud field are classified and defined based on geostationary satellite pictures with another factor, the variation of the subtropical high, introduced, thus establishing an equation of five predictors for quantitatively forecasting typhoon track The equation has been proved to be effective and discussed in detail with examples.

Abstract:In this test, study is made on the appearance of growth and development, fresh and dry weight, harvest index, photosynthetic rate, and stomatal conductance of different cultivars of potato under continuous light and high temperature. Results show that Denali, Snowship, Atlantic and La chipper all have fine productive potential and are eultivars suitable for planting in the closed Bioregeaerative Life Support System at the space station and/or lunar colonies. Of the three long-day cultivars (Denali, Snowchip and La chipper), Denali has many excellent biological characteristics, which result in high photosynthetic rate and harvest index. In addition, the plant body is neither tall nor broad and by making full use of radiant energy, has advantages of curly flowering and rapid tuber formation. It has been proved that good cultivars, such as Denali, can iucrease the utilizability of the Bioregenerative System in both time and space.

Abstract:The temporal and spatial distribution of precipitation acidity is analyzed based on 1983—1985 data from the ten environmental monitoring stations of Nanjing. The pH of acidity averages 5.09. The frequency of acid rainfall with pH less than 5.60 is 42%. The acidity is increasing gradually, higher in the city proper than in its suburbs, and the lowest in its surrounding counties. Analysis indicates that there is some correlation between Nanjing precipitation acidity and atmospheric pollution.