Abstract:Through the application of Fourier and spherical harmonics, analyses are made of the characteristic features of the change with time in amplitudes of the 100mb component ultra-long waves, as well as of their adjustment, in the cold wave occurring in December 1976 in the northern hemisphere, which was characterized by the polar vortex cut-off process with a transverse trough moving around. By making comparison between the activities of the 100mb ultra-long waves and the adjustment of the 500-rob circulation, the authors have achieved some results, which may be helpful to routine medium-range forecasting of cold waves.

Abstract:The paper discusses the following aspects:1) A general formula for total radiation is derived and its agreement with existing empirical expressions is verified;2) The relationship between cloud cover n and sunshine s₁ is examined together with their effect on total radiation by utilization of hourly data in a 4-year period over Guilin （Guangxi） and Wujing （Jiangsu）, respectively.

Abstract:Based on the scale analysis of the dynamic equations with the forcing factors the thermal and orographie forcings are found to be of a spatial scale effect. In case of the ULW scale the control action of these forcings can not be ignored and, consequently, the dynamic characteristics of the ULW differ significantly from those of long waves. Also, an ULW dynamic equations for forcings of variant intensities are presented.A qualitative study is made of the relations between the dynamic properties of ULW and the forcing actions such as the forcing effect on the vertical structure, quasi-steady feature, energy source for maintainance, and its evolution or catastrophe.

Abstract:The study is based on the close relation between energy fields and the motion of typhoons in attempt to develop a new means for forecasting the movement of the depressions by examining the variations in energy fields.By investigating the total moist potential fields of Typhoons numbered as 7504,7708,7806,7909 and 7910, the authors have found the correspondence between these fields at isobaric surfaces and the closed energy field system (▽² Eσ<0 above 700mb and ▽² Eσ<0 at lower levels)as well as the same trends in their movements. Moreover, analysis shows that there exists an intense energy transport belt along the typhoon’s track as the tropical cyclone moves and travels basically in the direction of gradients of horizontal flux at 500mb level, Charts of VEσ and ▽·( Eσ) can be used as an additional means for judging typhoon movements in troublesome situations.

Abstract:For the purpose of describing objectively the main characteristics of monthly mean circulation at 500rob level and thus establishing the correlation between the circulation at the same level of the middle and lower latitudes and the precipitation in the later part of the period over the basin of the lower Ghangjiang River, monthly mean 500rob height fields are expanded by use of mixed Chebyshev-Fourier polynomials, then the behavior of ultra-long waves is examined and finally these waves are classified in Fuzzy according to their expansion coefficients. The results thus obtained are:1) The ultra-long waves at 500rob level show remarkable seasonal variations, whose spectra in dry years are distinctly different from those in wet years; 2)Ultra-long waves at middle and lower latitudes during winter and spring, particularly the positions of ridge-trough ofwavenumber 1 and the intensity of the west wind in March, are well correlated with the precipitation over the basin of the lower Changjiang River in summer and with the summer circulation over East Asia as well.

Abstract:Studies are made of the seasonal and periodical variations of angular momentum transport by quasi-steady eddies at 100rob based on computations, using monthly mean height data, of its values in January, April, July and October as a function of wave numbers(from i through 10) at latitudes (from 25°N through 75°N) for 83 months during the period of 1956-1976.The results show that almost the total transport is accomplished by the ultra-long waves of numbers 1-a at 100rob. Different wave numbers exhibit considerable individuality in the transport for different seasons and latitudes.It is found by power spectral analysis that the variations with periods of 13-14, 28-29 or 57 months prevail at lower latitudes (south of 35°N).It is noted that the quasi-biennial oscillation is likely to be related to the interaction between the transports by wavenumbers 1 and 3.

Abstract:Based on some simplified assumptions the equation for thermal hysteresis is introduced and a formula is thereby derived for calculating the time constant. In terms of temperature data inside and outside the screens of various types, the time constants are computed for each kind. The results are compared with those obtained from other formulae. Finally, the lag errors of different designs and the applications of shelter thermal inertia in temperature observation are also discussed.

Abstract:Based on experiments and theoretical analyses some methods are presented for correction of the echo power data in decibel measured by Model 711 Radar to those that can be calculated from equations in radar meteorology.

Abstract:Experiments were carried out in Hongze county, Jiangsu province, for pistia stratiotes shoot protection in the cold months of 1972-1978, Based on the experimental data some mieroclimatic characteristics of hotbeds are examined in this paper. Short wave radiation balances of both hotbeds with plastic filmy cover and those with glass cover are compared. Calculation methods and thus the results are produced for the determination of the heat generative power and temperature conductivity coefficients of thermofermentable substances and of the heat flow therein. The rest of the components in the heat balance equation of hotbed are also discussed. Suggestions are then made as to the structure of the hotbeds as well as the management for the postia stratiotes shoot protection.

Abstract:By use of "sunshine-temperature ratio" as a composite meteorological factor, an attempt is made to establish an integral regression model for meteorological output of the earlier type of double-harvest rice over the region of Suzhou, Jiangsu, on the basis of the data of the yield per mu of the rice and the weather and climatic conditions during 1963-79. The model was tested for forecasting in 1980 and 1981 and the accuracy proved to bemore than 98%. Further more, the model has greater stability and satisfies the requirement.

Abstract:Fisher’s, Bayes’s, quadratic and nonparametric discriminants, which find general use in meteorology, are reviewed and appraised first. Then Logistic discriminant, seldom used in meteorology, is introduced here. This method is found to be of extensive and convenient use. Examples in meteorology are also provided.