北大西洋多年代际振荡对MJO环流周期特征年代际变化的影响
doi: 10.13878/j.cnki.dqkxxb.20250326001
夏嘉诚1,2 , 王璐1 , 周旋1 , 陈林1
1. 南京信息工程大学气候系统预测与变化应对全国重点实验室/气象灾害教育部重点实验室/气象灾害预报预警与评估协同创新中心/大气科学学院,江苏 南京 210044
2. 中国民用航空第二研究所,四川 成都 610000
基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目(42088101;42576024) ; 江苏省自然科学基金优秀青年基金项目(BK20230061)
Impact of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation on the interdecadal variability of MJO periodicity
XIA Jiacheng1,2 , WANG Lu1 , ZHOU Xuan1 , CHEN Lin1
1. State Key Laboratory of Climate System Prediction and Risk Management (CPRM)/Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education (KLME)/Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD)/School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044 , China
2. The Second Research Institute of Civil Aviation Administration of China, Chengdu 610000 , China
摘要
基于过去百年的观测海温数据和大气再分析资料(ERA-20C),探讨了北大西洋多年代际振荡(Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation,AMO)对热带大气季节内振荡(Madden-Julian Oscillation,MJO)周期特征的调控影响。研究发现,当AMO处于正位相时,MJO环流异常的周期偏短至约45 d;相反,当AMO处于负相位时,MJO环流异常的周期则延长至约60 d。MJO环流的周期指数与AMO指数之间呈现出显著的负相关关系(相关系数为-0.77)。进一步分析发现,MJO环流周期特征的年代际变化主要与MJO环流异常在西半球的传播速度变化密切相关。在AMO正(负)位相期间,MJO环流在西半球上传播速度加快(减慢),从而使得其全球传播的平均速度提升(降低),进而缩短(延长)了MJO环流的周期。最后研究还指出,MJO环流传播速度的年代际变化可能是由AMO引发的热带大西洋和中东太平洋海温纬向梯度的年代际变化所致。研究结果为深入理解MJO的年代际变化特征及机理提供了新的视角。
Abstract

The Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO), the dominant mode of intraseasonal variability in the tropical atmosphere, is characterized by large-scale deep convection coupled with planetary-scale circulation. MJO events generally originate over the Indian Ocean and propagate eastward into the western Pacific. While the convective component weakens near the dateline, the circulation component continues eastward, completing a cycle within 30—90 days. Because of its strong influence on global weather and climate anomalies, understanding MJO variability is essential for improving extended-range forecasts.

MJO activity exhibits interdecadal variability in intensity, propagation speed, and spatial extent. Previous studies have primarily focused on intensity and propagation, while the period characteristics of MJO circulation and their interdecadal variations remain less well documented. Variability in MJO period length are is particularly relevant, as prolonged periods are associated with climate extremes such as southern China heatwaves, Meiyu rainfall in the Yangtze River basin, and Coastal Niño events.

The Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) is a leading mode of interdecadal climate variability that modulates ENSO, western Pacific tropical cyclones, and the Asian monsoon. Recent evidence suggests that AMO may influence MJO convective propagation by altering background winds and low-level moisture over the tropical Pacific. However, whether AMO also regulates the periodic characteristics of MJO circulation has not been systematically examined.

This study investigates the role of AMO in modulating the interdecadal variability of MJO circulation periods using ERA-20C reanalysis and ERSSTv5 sea surface temperature data. The analysis addresses three questions: 1) whether AMO induces interdecadal variations in MJO circulation period characteristics, 2) the physical processes responsible for these variations, and 3) the mechanism through which AMO exerts its influence.

The results show that AMO significantly modulates MJO circulation periods. During positive AMO phases, the mean circulation period shortens to approximately 45 days, whereas during negative phases it lengthens to about 60 days, with a correlation coefficient of -0.77. This variability is mainly associated with changes in propagation speed over the Western Hemisphere: accelerated propagation during positive phases results in shorter circulation periods, while decelerated propagation during negative phases produces longer periods. The modulation of propagation speed is linked to changes in the zonal sea surface temperature gradient between the tropical central-eastern Pacific and the tropical Atlantic. Positive AMO phases feature cold anomalies in the tropical central-eastern Pacific and warm anomalies in the tropical Atlantic, which enhance the zonal gradient and favor faster propagation.

Although the circulation period varies with AMO phase, the convective period remains stable, with power spectra consistently peaking near 60 days within the 30—90-day band. This indicates that the coupling between MJO convection and circulation is modulated on interdecadal timescales.

These findings demonstrate a trans-basin linkage between AMO and the interdecadal variability of MJO circulation periodicity, highlighting the role of AMO in regulating intraseasonal variability through large-scale ocean-atmosphere interactions.

Madden-Julian Oscillation(MJO)是热带大气中最显著的季节内振荡模态,其典型特征是大尺度的深对流与行星尺度环流以类似Gill响应的方式耦合在一起,并沿赤道缓慢向东传播(Madden and Julian,19711972Hendon and Salby,1994;Adames and Wallace,2014)。MJO事件通常起源于印度洋,随后沿赤道缓慢向东传播至西太平洋,当位于日界线附近时对流部分逐渐消失,而环流部分则继续东传,其周期为30~90 d(Wang and Rui,1990Sperber et al.,1997Zhang,2005Zhao et al.,2013)。MJO对全球范围的天气和气候异常均有显著影响,比如:它可以影响厄尔尼诺-南方涛动(El Niño-Southern Oscillation,ENSO)的触发(Chen et al.,2017;Liang and Fedorov,2021)、热带气旋的发生和发展(Maloney and Hartmann,2000Bhardwaj et al.,2019)以及季风爆发(Hendon and Liebmann,1990Lorenz and Hartmann,2006Taraphdar et al.,2018Wang et al.,2024)等。此外,MJO还可以通过大气遥相关影响热带外的温度和降水(Bond and Vecchi,2003Zhu et al.,2003Jeong et al.,2005Park et al.,2010Li et al.,2021)。因此,深入理解MJO的变化特征和形成机理对提高全球的延伸期天气预报具有重要意义(任宏利等,2015;Liu F et al.,2024;Liu X L et al.,2024;徐邦琪等,2024Zhou et al.,2024Cheng et al.,2025)。
MJO的活动呈现出显著的年代际变化特征(Yamaura and Kajikawa,2017修军艺等,2019Fu et al.,2020Wang et al.,2021Cui and Li,2022Dasgupta et al.,2024)。在强度方面,Wang et al.(2021)通过功率谱分析发现,MJO的对流强度在12~20 a时间尺度上变化最为显著。在传播速度方面,修军艺等(2019)利用向外长波辐射(outgoing longwave radiation,OLR)的回归场分析了热带不同区域MJO对流的东传速度;结果显示,自2000年以来,MJO在印度洋区域的传播速度有所加快,而在西太平洋和海洋性大陆附近的传播速度则有所减慢。在传播距离方面,Fu et al.(2022)发现,在北大西洋多年代际振荡(Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation,AMO)的负位相(AMO-)期间,MJO对流在西太平洋地区的传播距离较AMO正位相(AMO+)时更长。
目前,关于MJO年代际变化的研究主要集中在MJO的强度和传播特征上,而对于MJO周期特征的年代际变化及其相关机理的研究尚显不足。实际上,MJO周期特征的变化对气候系统也有着重要影响。研究显示,当MJO周期出现延长时,往往有助于极端天气和气候事件的发生,如:2018年春末,MJO周期的异常延长导致中国南方地区遭遇极端高温事件(张芳华等,2019);2020年春季,一次异常持久的MJO事件使得长江以南地区低层的西南风得以稳定维持,从而促进了大量的水汽向长江流域输送,最终引发了暴力梅雨事件(Liang et al.,2021Zhang et al.,2021);2023年春季,MJO周期的异常偏长增强了东太平洋低层的西风,进而触发了Coastal Niño事件(Peng et al.,2024)。
北大西洋多年代际振荡(AMO)是气候系统年代际变率的主要模态之一(Huo et al.,2015Ding et al.,2023),它对ENSO(Chen and Wu,2017Park et al.,2019)、西太平洋地区的热带气旋(Sun et al.,2017Zhang et al.,2018;Wang L C et al.,2023)以及亚洲季风(Lu et al.,2006Li and Bates,2007)等全球范围的天气和气候现象都具有显著调控作用。Fu et al.(2022)研究指出,AMO可以通过调制热带太平洋的背景风场和低层水汽,影响MJO对流的向东传播过程,从而使得MJO对流的纬向尺度呈现出显著的年代际变化。然而,目前尚不清楚AMO是否会导致MJO的周期特征发生年代际变化。
此外,值得注意的是,关于AMO调控MJO的研究主要集中在MJO相关的对流异常(简称MJO对流),而对MJO相关的环流异常(简称MJO环流)的研究则相对较少,MJO环流的年代际变化特征尚不明确。作为对流-环流耦合系统的一部分,MJO环流对天气和气候也有着显著的影响,比如:Wang L et al.(2023)指出,MJO环流可通过输送西北太平洋或印度洋的水汽至华南地区,从而促进华南降水增多。因此,MJO环流特征的变化在气候系统中的作用不容忽视,具有重要的研究价值。
综上所述,目前对北大西洋多年代际振荡影响MJO周期特征年代际变化的研究较为缺乏,尤其是对MJO环流异常的变化及机理认识较为有限。因此,本文将从MJO环流周期特征入手,回答以下科学问题:AMO能否导致MJO环流周期特征发生年代际变化?MJO环流周期特征年代际变化的原因是什么?AMO对其的调控机理又是什么?研究结果将揭示AMO与MJO环流年代际变化之间的跨洋盆联系,从而丰富我们对MJO特征和机理的认识,并为未来数值模式中改进年代际预测系统提供科学依据。
1 资料和方法
1.1 资料
本文使用的数据有:1)欧洲中期天气预报中心(European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts,ECMWF)提供的20世纪再分析资料(ERA-20C;Poli et al.,2016)的逐日数据,包括降水以及200 hPa和850 hPa纬向风(简称为U200和U850),其水平分辨率为1.125°×1.125°;2)美国国家大气海洋管理局(National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,NOAA)扩展重建海表温度第5版本(ERSSTv5;Huang et al.,2017)提供的逐月海温资料,其水平分辨率为2°×2°;3)NOAA提供的根据北大西洋区域平均海温计算得到的逐月AMO指数(https://psl.noaa.gov/data/timeseries/AMO/;Enfield et al.,2001)。
以上数据统一采用1900—2010年时段,并统一插值到2°×2°的格点上。文中关注的季节为冬半年,即11月至次年4月。
1.2 方法
1.2.1 数据滤波方法
由于本文关注MJO环流及其年代际变化,所以需要分别提取出季节内尺度信号和年代际尺度信号。对于季节内信号,首先对原始数据去除年循环得到异常场,然后采用Wheeler-Kiladis波数-频率谱滤波器提取出周期为20~90 d、纬向波数为1~9波的季节内分量。对于年代际信号,通过对数据进行10 a以上滑动平均的方法来滤掉高频信号,从而保留年代际变化信号。本文尝试过多种时间窗口(11、13、15、17 a)的计算,其结果十分相似,故本文仅展示基于17 a窗口的计算结果。
1.2.2 MJO环流周期
首先分别对U850和U200计算赤道(10°S~10°N)平均,然后选取每年冬季的数据逐年进行波数-频率谱分析,功率最大值所对应的周期即为该年MJO环流的周期。再利用17 a滑动平均的方法提取出MJO环流周期的年代际变化信号。由于采用U850和U200的计算结果一致,所以本文后续只展示基于U850计算的结果。
1.2.3 MJO环流速度
第1步:确定回归点并构建MJO环流传播特征场,具体做法为选取特定经度k附近区域(k-10°~k+10°,5°S~5°N)作为参考点,对赤道区域(10°S~10°N)平均的季节内U850异常场进行超前-滞后回归,以此构建MJO环流的时间-经度传播特征场。第2步:追踪环流传播路径并计算速度,首先在±15 d的时间窗口内确定各经度上的U850异常极大值点,进而通过线性拟合建立其时间与经度位置的关系,最终以线性拟合的斜率作为经度k附近MJO环流的东传速度(单位:(°)·d-1;本文的(°)指经度)。
2 结果分析
2.1 AMO与MJO环流周期特征的关系
图1a给出了1900—2010年AMO指数和MJO环流周期的年代际分量随时间的演变。可见,MJO环流周期表现出显著的多年代际变化特征,且与AMO位相的变化密切相关。MJO环流周期在1940—1960年明显偏短,此时AMO位于正位相(AMO指数>0);而MJO环流周期在1900—1930年和1970—2000年明显偏长,此时AMO基本位于负位相(AMO指数<0)。经计算,AMO指数与MJO环流周期表现出显著的负相关关系(相关系数为-0.77)。图1b进一步给出了AMO指数与MJO环流周期之间的超前-滞后相关系数。结果显示,二者的相关系数在-5 a时达到绝对值最大(相关系数为-0.93),这表明AMO位相转变往往超前MJO环流周期转变约5 a。
为了进一步验证AMO指数和MJO环流周期之间的关系,下面对比AMO不同位相下U850的波数-频率谱特征(图2)。这里根据AMO指数的正负,将1900—1930年和1963—1997年划分为AMO负位相,将1931—1962年和1998—2010年划分为AMO正位相。当AMO位于负位相时,功率谱中的大值区主要位于30~90 d,峰值位于60 d附近。相比之下,AMO正位相下MJO环流周期位于50~90 d频段的整体功率降低约20%,大值中心向30~50 d周期范围偏移,峰值位于45 d附近。30~90 d范围内功率谱的这种变化特征也表明,AMO可能在年代际尺度上调控MJO环流周期的变化。
2.2 MJO环流周期特征年代际变化的原因
由于在AMO的不同位相下,MJO环流的波数保持不变(均表现为纬向1波结构;图2),所以MJO环流的周期变化与MJO环流的传播速度变化之间存在良好的对应关系,即:MJO周期越短(长),对应MJO在全球平均的传播速度越快(慢)。因此,下面将通过研究MJO环流传播速度的变化机理来揭示MJO环流周期变化的产生原因。考虑到MJO的传播速度具有区域差异,因此一个关键问题是:在AMO不同位相下,哪些区域上的MJO环流传播速度发生了显著的变化。
1(a)1900—2010年冬季AMO指数(填色,单位:K)与MJO环流周期(黑线,单位:d)的时间序列(二者的相关系数为-0.77,通过了置信度为95%的t检验);(b)AMO指数与MJO环流周期之间的超前-滞后相关系数(横坐标负(正)值代表AMO超前(滞后)MJO环流周期,黑实线代表相关系数通过置信度为95%的t检验)
Fig.1(a) Time series of the AMO index (shaded, units: K) and the MJO circulation period (black line, units: d) during boreal winter from 1900 to 2010. The correlation coefficient between the AMO index and MJO period is-0.77, which is statistically significant at the95% confidence level according to the Student's t-test. (b) Lead-lag correlation coefficients between the AMO index and MJO circulation period. Negative (positive) values on the horizontal axis indicate the AMO leading (lagging) the MJO circulation period. The solid black line marks correlation coefficients that are statistically significant at the95% confidence level
2赤道平均(10°S~10°N)的850 hPa纬向风在AMO负(a)和正(b)位相时的波数-频率谱(单位:m2·s-2;黑色虚线分别代表90、50和30 d周期对应的频率)
Fig.2Wavenumber-frequency spectra of equatorially averaged (10°S—10°N) 850 hPa zonal wind during (a) negative and (b) positive AMO phases (units:m2·s-2) . Black dashed lines represent frequencies corresponding to periods of 90, 50, and 30 d, respectively
首先,初步检查印度洋-西太平洋暖池区和东太平洋这两个典型区域上MJO环流传播随AMO位相的变化(图3)。结果显示:在印度洋-西太平洋暖池区,MJO环流的东传速度十分相近,在AMO负位相下为5.64°·d-1,在AMO正位相下为5.73°·d-1;在东太平洋区域,MJO环流的东传速度从AMO负位相下的9.40°·d-1变为AMO正位相下的10.36°·d-1,加快了0.96°·d-1。该结果表明,MJO环流的传播速度并没有表现出全球均匀的年代际变化特征,而是具有显著的区域差异性。
图4a给出了在不同AMO位相下MJO环流东传速度的全球分布。首先,MJO环流异常的东传速度在气候平均态上表现出显著的纬向非均匀特征:在东半球速度较为缓慢,约为6°·d-1,在西半球速度明显加快,可达约10°·d-1。该现象与气候态海温的纬向分布有关(图4c):东半球的海温普遍高于27.5℃,有利于该地区的MJO对流发展(Graham and Barnett,1987),此时MJO环流与强大的MJO对流耦合在一起,并随着对流一起缓慢向东移动;西半球的海温普遍低于27.5℃,使得该地区上空的MJO对流难以维持甚至消亡,MJO环流脱离MJO对流,以自由波动的形式加速向东传播(Madden and Julian,1972Knutson and Weickmann,1987Hendon and Salby,1994Straub,2013;Adames and Wallace,2014)。
下面分析在不同AMO位相下MJO环流东传速度的差异。MJO环流异常的全球平均东传速度在AMO正位相下约为7.5°·d-1图4a红色虚线),在AMO负位相下约为7.0°·d-1图4a蓝色虚线)。在不同AMO位相下,MJO环流速度的差距主要表现在西半球上(图4b),其中东太平洋区域的速度差异最大,在AMO正位相下该区域的环流速度最高可达11.4°·d-1,而在AMO负位相下其值仅为9.9°·d-1,二者相差1.5°·d-1。相比之下,东半球MJO(主要出现在印度洋-西太平洋暖池区)的环流东传速度在不同AMO位相下的差异非常小(不到0.4°·d-1)。上述结果表明,MJO环流异常传播速度的年代际变化主要体现为:在AMO正(负)位相下西半球上的东传速度偏快(慢),而东半球上的传播速度并没有明显变化。
为了进一步证实MJO环流东传速度在西半球存在显著的年代际差异,本文对比分析了在AMO不同位相下MJO对流和环流的东传演变过程。以赤道西太平洋(150°~170°E,5°S~5°N)平均的MJO降水异常时间序列作为参考,将降水和U850向其回归,得到了它们的时间-经度演变。由图5可见,在AMO正、负位相下,MJO降水异常均表现为在东半球缓慢东传、而在跨过日界线后逐渐减弱消亡的特征,MJO环流异常则表现为在东半球与对流异常一起缓慢东传、而当对流消亡后继续加速向东传播的特征。利用图5中U850异常的最大值中心来拟合MJO环流的传播速度,对比分析在AMO不同位相下MJO环流的传播速度(蓝色实线和红色虚线)。结果表明,在东半球范围内,MJO环流的传播速度保持不变,而当进入西半球后,MJO环流的传播速度在AMO正位相要大于在AMO负位相。
3赤道平均(10°S~10°N)的850 hPa纬向风(单位:m·s-1)异常在AMO负位相(a、c)和正位相(b、d)下的时间-经度演变。(a、b)和(c、d)分别是将850 hPa纬向风超前滞后回归到海洋性大陆和东太平洋区域(110°~130°E和110°~90°W,5°S~5°N),纵坐标负(正)值表示850 hPa纬向风超前(滞后)回归至目标区域的时间(单位:d)。绿色虚线的斜率代表850 hPa纬向风异常的东传速度,如右上角所示(单位:(°)·d-1
Fig.3Time-longitude evolution of equatorially averaged (10°S—10°N) 850 hPa zonal wind anomalies (units: m·s-1) during (a, c) negative and (b, d) positive AMO phases. Panels (a, b) and (c, d) represent lead-lag regressions against zonal wind averaged over two base regions (110°—130°E and 110°—90°W, 5°S—5°N) , respectively. Negative (positive) values on the vertical axis denote lead (lag) days related to the target regions. The slope of the green dashed line in each panel represents the eastward propagation speed of the850 hPa zonal wind anomalies, as shown in the upper-right corner (units: (°) ·d-1)
综上所述,在AMO正位相下,MJO环流异常在东半球的传播速度相较AMO负位相没有明显差异,而在西半球的东传速度明显大于AMO负位相时期。最终导致在AMO正位相下,MJO环流异常在全球传播的平均速度更快,周期相应缩短。
2.3 AMO影响MJO环流周期特征年代际变化的物理机制
为了探究AMO影响MJO环流周期特征的年代际变化机制,本文分析了在MJO环流传播速度年代际差异最显著的西半球区域的背景场的具体变化。对此,本文重点考察了大气纬向风的垂直切变背景场和海表面温度背景场的变化情况。
Tulich et al.(2021)研究指出,大气纬向风的垂直切变背景场对MJO环流的传播速度有重要影响。具体来说,在东风切变条件下,MJO传播速度慢,而在西风切变条件下,MJO的传播速度则较快。图6a给出了在AMO正、负位相期间的赤道附近西半球地区(180°~90°W~0°,10°S~10°N)大气纬向风的垂直变化。结果表明,850 hPa高度附近为东风(风速约为6 m·s-1),200 hPa高度附近为西风(风速可达14 m·s-1),西半球地区呈现出西风切变的背景场。图6b给出了不同AMO位相下纬向风的差异。结果显示,两者在850 hPa附近的差异仅为0.1 m·s-1,虽然在200 hPa的差异达到最大,但风速差异仅为1.0~1.1 m·s-1,这在统计上并不显著。因此,背景垂直风切变可能并不是导致MJO环流在西半球传播速度发生年代际变化的根本原因。
4MJO环流异常在AMO正(红实线)、负(蓝实线)位相下的全球速度(a;单位:(°)·d-1;红色、蓝色虚线分别表示在AMO正、负位相下MJO全球传播的平均速度)及其差异(b;AMO正位相减负位相),以及赤道平均(10°S~10°N)的气候态海温(c;单位:℃;黑色虚线表示海温为27.5℃;灰色阴影为南美和非洲陆地区域)
Fig.4(a) Global propagation speed (units: (°) ·d-1) of MJO circulation anomalies during negative (blue solid line) and positive (red solid line) AMO phases. Blue and red dashed lines indicate the mean propagation speed under negative and positive AMO phases, respectively. (b) Differences between the positive and negative AMO phases. (c) Equatorially averaged (10°S—10°N) climatological SST (units:℃) . The black dashed line marks an SST of 27.5 °C, and the shaded gray areas represent South American and African landmasses
5赤道平均(10°S~10°N)的降水(阴影,单位:mm·d-1)和850 hPa纬向风(等值线,单位:m·s-1)异常在AMO负(a)、正(b)位相下超前滞后回归至赤道西太平洋(150°~170°E,5°S~5°N)的时间-经度演变(仅显示通过95%置信度检验的部分;纵坐标负(正)值代表将850 hPa纬向风超前(滞后)回归至目标区域的时间,单位:d;蓝色实线和红色虚线的斜率分别代表AMO负和正位相下850 hPa纬向风正异常的速度,单位:(°)·d-1
Fig.5Time-longitude evolution of equatorially averaged (10°S—10°N) precipitation (shadings, units: mm·d-1) and 850 hPa zonal wind anomalies (contours, units: m·s-1) from lead-lag regression against zonal wind averaged over the equatorial western Pacific (150°—170°E, 5°S—5°N) during (a) negative and (b) positive AMO phases. Only regions statistically significant at the95% confidence level are shown. Negative (positive) values on the vertical axis denote lead (lag) days relative to the target region. The slopes of the blue solid line in (a, b) and the red dashed line in (b) represent the eastward propagation speed of the850 hPa zonal wind anomalies during negative and positive AMO phases, respectively
6AMO正(红实线)、负(蓝实线)位相下西半球赤道附近(180°~90°W~0°,10°S~10°N)的纬向风廓线(单位:m·s-1)及其差异(b;AMO正位相减负位相)
Fig.6(a) Vertical profiles of zonal wind (units: m·s-1) over the equatorial Western Hemisphere (180°—90°W—0°,10°S—10°N) during positive (red solid line) and negative (blue solid line) AMO phases. (b) Differences between the positive and negative phases (positive minus negative)
大量研究表明,背景海温对MJO的传播具有重要作用(Wang et al.,2018a2018b;Hu and Li,2021Wang and Li,2021Suematsu et al.,2022)。例如,在较暖的海温背景下,下垫面的蒸发增加,从而提高了大气低层的水汽含量,这不仅加强了大气的对流不稳定,有利于新的MJO对流产生(Wang and Li,2020),为MJO的向东传播提供有利条件,而且还通过增强背景水汽的经向梯度加强MJO环流引起的经向水汽平流(Wang et al.,2017),也有利于MJO传播;此外,还会通过加强背景场的对流活动加强MJO环流与对流的正反馈(Wang et al.,2021),同样有助于MJO的传播。Wang et al.(2019)基于观测数据挑选出快速东传MJO事件和慢速东传MJO事件,并对比了这两组MJO事件所对应的背景海温。结果显示,两组海温最显著的差异在于其纬向分布:快速东传MJO事件对应的背景海温表现出显著的西冷东暖的纬向分布,而慢速东传MJO事件对应的背景海温则表现出西暖东冷的纬向分布。这表明,背景海温的东西梯度对MJO的传播速度具有显著调控作用。
为了探究背景海温对MJO环流年代际变化的可能影响,图7比较了不同AMO位相期间热带海温背景场的差异。在不同AMO位相下,东半球热带海温变化很小,而西半球热带海温则表现出明显的纬向分布差异。在AMO正位相期间,热带大西洋海温偏暖而热带中东太平洋海温偏冷,对应西半球东暖西冷的海温梯度;在AMO负位相期间,热带大西洋海温偏冷而热带中东太平洋海温偏暖,对应西半球东冷西暖的海温梯度。海温纬向分布的这种年代际异常与MJO传播速度的年代际异常十分吻合:东半球海温纬向梯度变化不明显,对应东半球MJO传播速度变化不明显;西半球海温纬向梯度正(负)异常对应西半球MJO传播速度偏快(慢)。
为了证明背景海温纬向梯度对MJO传播速度的影响,下面利用热带大西洋(160°~110°W,10°S~10°N)与热带中东太平洋(50°~15°W,10°S~10°N)海温之差来定义西半球海温纬向梯度指数(简称SSTE-W)。图8给出了SSTE-W的时间序列。经计算,SSTE-W与MJO周期变化指数显著相关(相关系数为-0.67,通过了置信度为95%的显著性检验)。这表明,西半球海温纬向梯度的年代际变化可以通过调控西半球MJO传播速度的变化来影响MJO周期的年代际变化。而且,SSTE-W与AMO指数的相关关系为0.72,说明西半球海温纬向梯度的年代际变化主要受AMO位相的调控。AMO位相影响热带大西洋海温异常易于理解,但为何会同时影响热带中东太平洋的海温呢?以AMO正位相为例,北太平洋的暖海温异常可以通过3种途径影响赤道东太平洋低层风场和海温:首先,通过影响赤道辐合带(intertropical convergence zone,ITCZ)的经向移动,增强赤道东太平洋的风-蒸发反馈,驱动局地低层东风异常发展(Levine et al.,2018An et al.,2021);其次,通过北太平洋中纬度Rossby波列在热带太平洋激发反气旋异常,通过风应力旋度加强东太平洋信风(Zhang and Delworth,2007);第三,通过跨洋盆Walker环流异常路径导致赤道西太平洋对流活动增强,通过开尔文波东传进一步强化中东太平洋的冷海温异常(McGregor et al.,2014Yang et al.,2020)。因此,在AMO正位相期间,热带大西洋和中东太平洋分别呈现出显著的暖、冷异常的海温分布;而在AMO负位相期间,热带大西洋和中东太平洋的海温纬向分布则相反。
7在AMO负(a)、正(b)位相下的海温异常(单位:K)及其差异(c;AMO正位相减负位相;两个绿色框分别代表热带中东太平洋(160°~110°W,10°S~10°N)和大西洋(50°~15°W,10°S~10°N)区域,用以定义西半球海温纬向梯度指数)。黑色打点区域表示通过95%置信度的检验
Fig.7SST anomalies (units: K) during (a) negative and (b) positive AMO phases, and (c) their differences (positive minus negative) . The two green boxes represent the tropical central-eastern Pacific (160°—110°W, 10°S—10°N) and the tropical Atlantic (50°—15°W, 10°S—10°N) , which are used to define the Western Hemisphere SST zonal gradient index. Regions statistically significant at the95% confidence level are marked with black dots
81900—2010年冬季SSTE-W(紫线,单位:K)与AMO指数(a;填色,单位:K)和MJO环流周期(b;黑线,单位:d)的时间序列(SSTE-W与AMO指数、MJO环流周期的相关系数分别为0.72、-0.67,均通过了置信度为95%的t检验)
Fig.8Time series of the SSTE-W index (purple line, units: K) and (a) the AMO index (shaded, units: K) and (b) the MJO circulation period (black line, units: d) during boreal winter from 1900 to 2010. Correlation coefficients between the SSTE-W index and the AMO index (0.72) , and between the SSTE-W index and the MJO circulation period (-0.67) , are both statistically significant at the95% confidence level according to the Student's t-test
3 结论和讨论
基于ERA-20C再分析资料和ERSSTv5海温数据,本研究探讨了北大西洋多年代际振荡对MJO周期特征年代际变化的影响及相关机理,得到以下主要结论:
1)AMO的正、负位相对MJO环流的周期特征具有显著的调控作用。在AMO正位相期间,MJO环流周期较短,平均约为45 d;而在AMO负位相期间,MJO环流周期偏长,平均约为60 d,二者的相关系数达-0.77。
2)MJO环流周期特征的年代际变化主要是归因于MJO环流在西半球的传播速度的改变。在AMO正(负)位相期间,MJO环流在西半球传播速度加快(减慢),导致其环球传播的平均速度提升(降低),进而引起了MJO环流周期的缩短(延长)。
3)AMO可能是通过改变热带中东太平洋和热带大西洋之间的海温纬向梯度,来影响MJO环流在西半球的传播速度的。在AMO正位相下,热带中东太平洋呈现显著的冷海温异常而热带大西洋出现显著的暖海温异常。
本文主要探讨了AMO对MJO环流周期特征的调控作用,那么,AMO对MJO对流的周期特征是否也有类似的影响呢?为了回答该问题,本文检查了不同AMO位相下MJO降水的波数-频率谱分析结果。由图9可见,在30~90 d周期范围内,功率大值中心在AMO正、负位相下均集中于60 d附近,结果十分相近,表明MJO对流的周期并无显著差异。这意味着在不同AMO位相下,尽管MJO环流周期特征存在显著的年代际变化,但MJO对流的周期特征保持稳定。由于MJO是一个环流与对流耦合的系统,但其环流和对流部分却表现出不同的年代际变化特征,所以这暗示MJO环流与对流的耦合关系可能发生了年代际变化。后续可进一步针对此问题进行深入探讨。
9同图2,但为降水(单位:mm2·d-2
Fig.9Same as Fig.2, but for the precipitation (units: mm2·d-2)
1(a)1900—2010年冬季AMO指数(填色,单位:K)与MJO环流周期(黑线,单位:d)的时间序列(二者的相关系数为-0.77,通过了置信度为95%的t检验);(b)AMO指数与MJO环流周期之间的超前-滞后相关系数(横坐标负(正)值代表AMO超前(滞后)MJO环流周期,黑实线代表相关系数通过置信度为95%的t检验)
Fig.1(a) Time series of the AMO index (shaded, units: K) and the MJO circulation period (black line, units: d) during boreal winter from 1900 to 2010. The correlation coefficient between the AMO index and MJO period is-0.77, which is statistically significant at the95% confidence level according to the Student's t-test. (b) Lead-lag correlation coefficients between the AMO index and MJO circulation period. Negative (positive) values on the horizontal axis indicate the AMO leading (lagging) the MJO circulation period. The solid black line marks correlation coefficients that are statistically significant at the95% confidence level
2赤道平均(10°S~10°N)的850 hPa纬向风在AMO负(a)和正(b)位相时的波数-频率谱(单位:m2·s-2;黑色虚线分别代表90、50和30 d周期对应的频率)
Fig.2Wavenumber-frequency spectra of equatorially averaged (10°S—10°N) 850 hPa zonal wind during (a) negative and (b) positive AMO phases (units:m2·s-2) . Black dashed lines represent frequencies corresponding to periods of 90, 50, and 30 d, respectively
3赤道平均(10°S~10°N)的850 hPa纬向风(单位:m·s-1)异常在AMO负位相(a、c)和正位相(b、d)下的时间-经度演变。(a、b)和(c、d)分别是将850 hPa纬向风超前滞后回归到海洋性大陆和东太平洋区域(110°~130°E和110°~90°W,5°S~5°N),纵坐标负(正)值表示850 hPa纬向风超前(滞后)回归至目标区域的时间(单位:d)。绿色虚线的斜率代表850 hPa纬向风异常的东传速度,如右上角所示(单位:(°)·d-1
Fig.3Time-longitude evolution of equatorially averaged (10°S—10°N) 850 hPa zonal wind anomalies (units: m·s-1) during (a, c) negative and (b, d) positive AMO phases. Panels (a, b) and (c, d) represent lead-lag regressions against zonal wind averaged over two base regions (110°—130°E and 110°—90°W, 5°S—5°N) , respectively. Negative (positive) values on the vertical axis denote lead (lag) days related to the target regions. The slope of the green dashed line in each panel represents the eastward propagation speed of the850 hPa zonal wind anomalies, as shown in the upper-right corner (units: (°) ·d-1)
4MJO环流异常在AMO正(红实线)、负(蓝实线)位相下的全球速度(a;单位:(°)·d-1;红色、蓝色虚线分别表示在AMO正、负位相下MJO全球传播的平均速度)及其差异(b;AMO正位相减负位相),以及赤道平均(10°S~10°N)的气候态海温(c;单位:℃;黑色虚线表示海温为27.5℃;灰色阴影为南美和非洲陆地区域)
Fig.4(a) Global propagation speed (units: (°) ·d-1) of MJO circulation anomalies during negative (blue solid line) and positive (red solid line) AMO phases. Blue and red dashed lines indicate the mean propagation speed under negative and positive AMO phases, respectively. (b) Differences between the positive and negative AMO phases. (c) Equatorially averaged (10°S—10°N) climatological SST (units:℃) . The black dashed line marks an SST of 27.5 °C, and the shaded gray areas represent South American and African landmasses
5赤道平均(10°S~10°N)的降水(阴影,单位:mm·d-1)和850 hPa纬向风(等值线,单位:m·s-1)异常在AMO负(a)、正(b)位相下超前滞后回归至赤道西太平洋(150°~170°E,5°S~5°N)的时间-经度演变(仅显示通过95%置信度检验的部分;纵坐标负(正)值代表将850 hPa纬向风超前(滞后)回归至目标区域的时间,单位:d;蓝色实线和红色虚线的斜率分别代表AMO负和正位相下850 hPa纬向风正异常的速度,单位:(°)·d-1
Fig.5Time-longitude evolution of equatorially averaged (10°S—10°N) precipitation (shadings, units: mm·d-1) and 850 hPa zonal wind anomalies (contours, units: m·s-1) from lead-lag regression against zonal wind averaged over the equatorial western Pacific (150°—170°E, 5°S—5°N) during (a) negative and (b) positive AMO phases. Only regions statistically significant at the95% confidence level are shown. Negative (positive) values on the vertical axis denote lead (lag) days relative to the target region. The slopes of the blue solid line in (a, b) and the red dashed line in (b) represent the eastward propagation speed of the850 hPa zonal wind anomalies during negative and positive AMO phases, respectively
6AMO正(红实线)、负(蓝实线)位相下西半球赤道附近(180°~90°W~0°,10°S~10°N)的纬向风廓线(单位:m·s-1)及其差异(b;AMO正位相减负位相)
Fig.6(a) Vertical profiles of zonal wind (units: m·s-1) over the equatorial Western Hemisphere (180°—90°W—0°,10°S—10°N) during positive (red solid line) and negative (blue solid line) AMO phases. (b) Differences between the positive and negative phases (positive minus negative)
7在AMO负(a)、正(b)位相下的海温异常(单位:K)及其差异(c;AMO正位相减负位相;两个绿色框分别代表热带中东太平洋(160°~110°W,10°S~10°N)和大西洋(50°~15°W,10°S~10°N)区域,用以定义西半球海温纬向梯度指数)。黑色打点区域表示通过95%置信度的检验
Fig.7SST anomalies (units: K) during (a) negative and (b) positive AMO phases, and (c) their differences (positive minus negative) . The two green boxes represent the tropical central-eastern Pacific (160°—110°W, 10°S—10°N) and the tropical Atlantic (50°—15°W, 10°S—10°N) , which are used to define the Western Hemisphere SST zonal gradient index. Regions statistically significant at the95% confidence level are marked with black dots
81900—2010年冬季SSTE-W(紫线,单位:K)与AMO指数(a;填色,单位:K)和MJO环流周期(b;黑线,单位:d)的时间序列(SSTE-W与AMO指数、MJO环流周期的相关系数分别为0.72、-0.67,均通过了置信度为95%的t检验)
Fig.8Time series of the SSTE-W index (purple line, units: K) and (a) the AMO index (shaded, units: K) and (b) the MJO circulation period (black line, units: d) during boreal winter from 1900 to 2010. Correlation coefficients between the SSTE-W index and the AMO index (0.72) , and between the SSTE-W index and the MJO circulation period (-0.67) , are both statistically significant at the95% confidence level according to the Student's t-test
9同图2,但为降水(单位:mm2·d-2
Fig.9Same as Fig.2, but for the precipitation (units: mm2·d-2)
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